How AI and machine learning can predict and explain social risks for more effective development operations

February 09, 2026

Floods in Kalehe, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Photo: Alain Nikingi, Pexels.

Photo Credit: Alain Nikingi, Pexels | Floods in Kalehe, South-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.

At the time when the Government of South Africa approached the World Bank’s Disaster Risk Financing (DRF) Program about looking beyond natural disasters to social risks such as social violence, which costs South Africa $45.6 billion (13% of GDP) annually, we had already begun exploring this challenge. We were grappling with the complex, dynamic way in which social risks interact with public health emergencies, trade, conflict, extreme weather, and people’s perceptions of them in different places—a mix commonly referred to as polycrises.

With financial support from the Risk Finance Umbrella (RFU) trust fund and the Global Shield Financing Facility, we explored the power of AI to measure, predict, and explain social risks for better preparedness and development impact. Our hope was that if AI models could accurately predict changes in social phenomena, and identify their drivers, we could more effectively and efficiently adjust the nature, scale, location, and timing of development activities before crises occur.

We knew that predicting human behavior requires context-specific consideration of the complex dynamic relationship between millions of dimensions of reality and perceptions of them (Figure 1). Our challenge was about identifying the right phenomena and finding appropriate data for measuring them, i.e., datasets with sufficient frequency and history to allow a machine learning model to observe enough episodes of change. For some phenomena, like variations in population sizes or crime levels, our data science team had to apply AI to newspaper reporting of crime and to satellite imagery of built structures to produce appropriate data for ingestion into our models.

Figure 1: Social science-informed factors ingested into the model

Source: World Bank

Our social science team identified dimensions of the natural, built, and social world, as well as online language about them, informing data collection for three proofs of concept models predicting violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, changes in the population of the Horn of Africa, and variations in crime levels in a Small Developing Island State. Today, our AI models studying the drivers of social risks are already informing the design and implementation of World Bank policies and operations in Africa (and elsewhere), as well as subsequent analysis.

In the Democratic Republic of Congo

Focusing on three Eastern DRC provinces historically plagued by conflict—i.e., North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri—our first model forecast changes in the number of conflict events, and identified, among the thousands of model variables, the phenomena with the highest association to change. This included sentiment about sensitive topics such as land, mining, identity and governance, the size of official government reserves, the price of sugar, and the volume of copper exports.

The model is informing country analytics, including the World Bank’s Risk and Resilience Assessment, alongside the nature, scale, location, sequencing, and timing of World Bank-supported activities, including the Stabilization and Recovery in Eastern DRC project (STAR Est) that envisages a risk financing mechanism to respond to observed or predicted conflict levels.

In the Horn of Africa

In the data-scarce Horn of Africa borderlands, where Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia meet, our team produced five years of monthly data on built structures in 56 towns and cities, using satellite imagery as a proxy for population change. A second model forecast changes in this proxy data: Figure 2 shows the significance of conflict event, economic, and environmental factors, as well as social perceptions of them, as influences on population changes. This data informed the design of the DRIVE (De-risking, Inclusion and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa) project which is now exploring model adaptation to forecast livestock supply chain elements affecting agro-pastoralists’ vulnerability. The model is also informing the design of a displacement risk forecasting model for Phase II of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project.

Figure 2. Association of model-identified factors with changes in population size in the Horn of Africa borderlands

In a Small Developing Island State

We then turned our attention to forecasting and explaining the number of days until the next social unrest event and change in crime levels in a Small Developing Island State. Social science experts identified crime levels as a likely driver of unrest; however, we were surprised that crime data with sufficient frequency and history was unavailable. This led us to use an agentic large language model (LLM) to produce this data from online news reporting. We then developed a predictive model forecasting daily changes in this crime data with 87.1% accuracy (Figure 3). We then analyzed the model to identify the factors most associated with change. With this model we were able to produce, forecast, and identify associated factors, which enabled us to measure crime to inform The World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Index’s crime and violence metric for portfolio development.

Figure 3: The predictive model’s performance against actual levels of reported crime

Source: World Bank

The Social Policy and the Fragility, Conflict and Violence (FCV) practices have already taken this modeling forward to support the world’s first displacement risk financing mechanism enabling the Government of Uganda to scale public service capacity in advance of refugees’ arrival instead of in response.

These innovative models are showing the power of AI to transform the way the World Bank measures, understands, and predicts social risks for better development outcomes across a range of applications, as illustrated in Figure 4. Moving forward, we plan to share more details on the models as the operational learning is captured.

Figure 4: Policy, operations, and Knowledge utility of predictive and explanatory AI models

Source: World Bank

This blog was originally published on World Bank Blogs - Link here.

Chris Mahony

Lawyer and Political Scientist

Chris Mahony is a lawyer and a political scientist. He is co-founder and CEO of Peloria, a public benefit company that uses social science-informed data science to forecast, explain, and advise on change in social phenomena. He also works with multiple World Bank practices, including Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation; Social Development; Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment; Fragility Conflict and Violence; and Poverty and Equity, advising on the utility for development policy and operations of emergent data sources and methods. During his 20-year career, he has worked in the World Bank's Finance Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice on social risk finance, developing the world's first human displacement risk financing mechanism. He also evaluated country engagement strategy, development policy operations practice, and governance projects in the Independent Evaluation Group and worked on criminal justice and citizen security policy in the Governance Global Practice. Dr. Mahony also worked for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on Strategic Policy and Rule of Law, including as Global Focal Point on Transitional Justice and as faculty and founding Deputy Director of the New Zealand Centre for Human Rights at Auckland University Law School. He has taught Law and International Relations at Peking University, Oxford University, and Auckland University. In 2008, he directed the design of Sierra Leone’s domestic witness protection program. He was admitted to the High Court of New Zealand bar in 2006, where he appeared for the Crown in criminal and refugee matters. In 2003, he worked in Sierra Leone and Liberia, where, among other work, he drafted the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s recommendations on governance and corruption and its ‘Historical antecedents to the conflict’ chapter. Dr. Mahony holds a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) degree and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) from the University of Otago, as well as a Master’s in African Studies (M.Sc.) and a D.Phil. in Political Science from the University of Oxford. While studying, he played rugby professionally in New Zealand and the UK, including for the Auckland NPC side (winning the 2007 NPC). He won four rugby Blues for Oxford University. Chris has authored, co-authored and co-edited 26 peer reviewed publications including four books across the disciplines of Law, International Relations, Refugee Studies, Development Economics, and Psychology.

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CO-AUTHORS

Varalakshmi Vemuru

Practice Manager for Social Development Operations in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region

World Bank Group

Varalakshmi (Vara) Vemuru, an Indian national, is Practice Manager for Social Development Operations in the World Bank's Eastern and Southern Africa Region (AFE). Prior to that she was Practice Manager for Social Sustainability and Inclusion (SSI) Global Practice in Southern Africa and Europe and Central Asia at the World Bank. Her team currently supports 24 AFE member countries’ efforts in designing and implementing operations and analytics on social inclusion, resilience, cohesion, and accountability; and broadening the partnership among stakeholders for coordinated response. Prior to that, she was Lead Specialist in Africa region. Since joining the World Bank in 2000, Vara has worked on various investment operations, analytics, social risk management and policy advice activities in South Asia, East and West Africa, Europe and Central Asia regions, and the Global Unit of the World Bank. Her main areas of interest and expertise include Social Inclusion with a particular focus on disability inclusion including mental health, Women’s Social and Economic Empowerment, Gender-based Violence (GBV) prevention and mitigation, Development response to Fragility and Conflict Risks and impacts including refugee and Internally Displaced Persons support, and Inclusive community and local development. She has led reports on Social Impacts of Forced Displacement, Disability Inclusion, Gender and GBV, as well as Indigenous Peoples.

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Evie Calcutt

Senior Financial Sector Specialist

World Bank Group

Evie is a Senior Financial Sector Specialist at the World Bank Group where she has worked globally on disaster risk financing. Key activities include leading policy dialog and developing customized financial solutions with Ministries of Finance to improve their financial resilience to disaster shocks; leading the development of analytical tools which support Ministries of Finance in their selection of financial instruments, including insurance, to protect their fiscal position against disaster risk, and; developing disaster risk financing for scalable safety net programs, which looks to develop mechanisms that enable social protection programs to rapidly increase assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable under disaster conditions. Prior to joining the Bank, as a qualified actuary with experience of insurance and investment projects in the public and private sector, Evie worked at KPMG and the UK Government. She also worked as a statistician analyzing social research before completing the actuarial qualification. As an actuary at the UK Government Actuary’s Department, she advised government departments on how to better understand and communicate uncertainty, perform quality assurance, and manage their contingent liabilities. Evie holds a First-Class Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics and a Masters in Statistics both from the University of Bristol.

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